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Rice productivity differs significantly among the major
exporters. In 2000, for instance, rice yield in Vietnam was 1.7 times
higher than in Thailand, while rice production costs were on the average,
respectively, US$ 220 and US$ 250 per ton.
The producers competitiveness is affected by numerous factors, such as
processing costs. According to a recent study conducted by Vietnam's Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Development, the processing costs of export rice
(for long grain, 5-10 per cent broken grade) is about US$ 10 per ton for
milling paddy into polished rice, and about US$6 per ton for milling raw
rice into polished rice.
Source: Greening Trade in Vietnam, UNCTAD/DITC/TED/8, 2001.
Global structure of commercialization is not uniform, due to market segmentation and restricted international trading (less than 6 percent of world production). There is no single global trading structure for rice.
Nevertheless, the rice chain can be divided into three external trading modalities, as shown below:
