I. Overview

II. Existing Capacities, including coordination at the national level

III. Identification of priority issues for the project

Annex 1: Agenda

Annex 2: List of Participants

The project "Strengthening Research and Policy-making Capacity on Trade and Environment in Developing Countries" was launched at a roundtable on 24-25 June 1999 in Geneva Switzerland.

Funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), the project is being implemented by UNCTAD in collaboration with the Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development (FIELD).

It will strengthen research and policy-making capacity on trade and environment in ten developing countries : Bangladesh, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, India, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia and Uganda. These countries were selected so as to provide a balanced mix of levels of economic development, sizes of economies and representativity of different geographic regions.

The project aims to

1. deepen their understanding of the issues;
2. improve policy coordination at the national level; and
3. enhance their effective participation in multilateral deliberations on trade and environment in the WTO, UNCTAD and other fora.

The ten beneficiary countries nominated two experts each -- one from the Ministry of Trade area and one from the Ministry of Environment. Two roundtables and three workshops will bring together the same core participants. A small number of other workshop participants will be drawn from research institutions and NGOs, particularly from the host country and other countries in the same region.

At the project launching roundtable, Geneva-based representatives from the ten countries joined their capital-based colleagues. Representatives from the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, DFID, the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, FIELD and UNCTAD also took part in the meeting, bringing the total number of participants up to 40. The list of participants is included as Annex 2.

At the meeting, the representatives from UNCTAD and FIELD gave a general presentation of the project and an overview of the issues in a background paper prepared by the two organizations. The main issues that could be addressed under the project were examined. For each issue, a brief presentation was made, followed by a general discussion. The agenda of the meeting is included as Annex 1.

On the morning of the second day, participants were asked to share their experiences on policy coordination at the national level as well as dialogue between the Government and Civil Society. This information is presented in section II below.

At the concluding session, a plan of action for the project was designed. Eleven priority issues were identified. Groups of participants volunteered to work jointly on each issue, coordinated by a lead country. The eleven issues and the participants working on them are described in section III below.

With the support of UNCTAD and FIELD, the lead country will elicit the inputs (usually the national experiences) of each member of its group. National research institutions and non-governmental organizations may also be consulted. The lead country will then put together the results into a joint paper on the issue. These papers will be discussed at three regional workshops in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

In addition, topics for five issues papers to be prepared by UNCTAD and/or FIELD were identified. Papers emanating from the project will be made available on UNCTAD’s website, for the benefit of all developing countries.

2. Existing Capacities, including coordination at the national level

Coordination in the area of trade and environment at the national level is important. For example, when the ministries of trade and of environment have uncoordinated positions in international fora, this acts as an impediment to harmonious relationships between trade and environmental regimes. Involving civil society in the policy-making process creates a sense of partnership and increases the probability of successful implementation.

On the morning of the second day, participants were asked to share their experiences on policy coordination at the national level as well as dialogue between the Government and Civil Society. A summary follows.

There is a need to resolve perceived differences, which arise because of lack of transparency or lack of realization of context in which particular activities are undertaken. These differences arise both between different departments within the Government, as well as between Government and civil society.

In the case of trade and environment, after the constitution of the Committee on Trade and Environment in the WTO, a Consultation Group of the Government was formed, which included the ministries of Environment, Agriculture, External Affairs, Commerce, as well as some of the governmental institutions, like the scientific and industrial research council, and the Bureau of Indian Standards. This Consultation Group had to do a lot of work to form a common policy. Consensus was not always possible. Sometimes the matter had to be taken to higher bureaucratic levels, and at times even political levels, where a cabinet decision was needed.

After the Singapore Ministerial conference, the civil society became very active. The Government had to expand the scope of this Consultation Group, not only on trade and environment. There was a demand that a body of experts from all fields should be constituted. India now has a National Trade Advisory Committee comprising some top industrialists, the important industry associations, some NGOs, and experts, such as past negotiators. It has several sub-groups, one of which deals with trade and environment issues. Civil society representatives are part of that sub-group, as well as a representative of UNCTAD.

India, like other countries, may not fully resolve all conflicts through these institutional mechanisms. They may still arise. However, the mechanisms act as a safety mechanism for forging coherence between the stakeholders.

As regards the coordination between the Environment and Trade Ministries, in Bangladesh as in many other countries, there is plenty of scope for improvement. In fact, coordination hardly exists. The Environment Ministry is probably not aware of trade issues being discussed at international level. The Commerce Ministry deals with this.

Environmental laws and policies exist, which often incorporate modern concepts, but implementation of these laws and policies is lacking. Industries must seek permission from the Energy and Environment Ministry and more complex investment projects require an environmental impact assessment.

There is a large inter-departmental committee in which the Environmental Ministry is represented. But issues other than the environment seem to dominate discussions. It would be good to have more interaction between the Ministries of Commerce and Environment, seeking the views of the latter on trade issues and ensuring their representation in more conferences and workshops which take place.

Part A:

Trade and environment convergence issues are the way forward for developing countries. The Philippines has decided to approach trade and environment conflicts by using sustainable development pathways. The convergence between the Environmental Protection Agency and the agency promoting trade and investment is very real.

Food security is a national goal. It is impacted by biosafety and other multilateral agreements. Developing countries should be given more time to manage the impacts of the commitments that each made earlier to gain ascendancy to the WTO. Ten years ago, when discussing this, the impacts seemed very remote, so that the reactions of industry and other sectors of civil society were not as urgent as what is happening now. Now, social concerns have become a greater factor in government policy making.

Part B:

Philippine Council for Sustainable Development is the institutional mechanism to coordinate trade and environment issues for implementing Agenda 21. It is composed of the government bodies and civil society—NGOs, people’s organizations, business sector representatives, labor representatives, women and indigenous peoples group. This Council generated a framework called the Philippine Agenda 21. The Council has various committees looking at, inter alia, social and economic development concerns, means of implementation, management of resources, and biodiversity.

The different ministries have been mandated to establish environment units. The department of trade and industry was the first to do so.

Other interagency committees are involved in drafting biodiversity and bio-prospecting initiatives. The ministries of environment, agriculture, trade and industry, science and technology as well as civil society participate.

The National Committee on Biosafety is led by the department for science and technology. The ministries of environment and agriculture as well as indigenous groups participate. It looks at areas related to field testing, but not commercialization, of transgenic crops.

The Philippines is grateful to UNDP for their initiatives on sustainable indicators. There is also an APEC initiative currently being put in place to have a masters of science in sustainable development, to be conducted in Australia and six other countries, starting in September 1999. Referring to the convergence framework on trade and environment, there is also a convergence framework for agriculture and environment, as well as one coming up on science and technology and higher education.

In Uganda, like in many other countries, trade and environment policies in the past were the responsibility of the Government. The private sector and other parts of civil society were not involved in the policy-making process. Now, however, the private sector questions Government entering into agreements, without consulting business associations, which ultimately affect business activities.

Uganda is seriously considering setting up an inter-departmental committee. Private sector operators would be brought on board, so that they are actively involved in the policy-making process. Under the UNCTAD/WTO/ITC Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Programme (JITAP) in Uganda, there is a project component on facilitating the operation of this inter-institutional committee.

Costa Rica has many environmental NGOs. It has been possible to coordinate their work and goals with the Ministry of the Environment, which tries to acknowledge the aims of the NGOs and formulate one national policy in the area of environment. The Ministry works with them under the parameters of Agenda 21. On trade and environment issues, there is real policy coordination between the Ministries of Foreign Trade and of Environment. Each Ministry tries to gather relevant civil society and popular opinions, and then the two Ministries coordinate both policies to formulate an integrated approach. If the NGO is in the field of environment, it deals with the Environment Ministry. When it comes to trade matters, involving for example farmers or industrial services producers, then the Ministry of Foreign Trade coordinates the relationships with those sectors of the population.

A National Committee on Trade and Environment was created at the end of 1997. It is presided over by the Ministries of Commerce and of Science, Technology and Environment. It also comprises the Ministries of Agriculture, Foreign Investment, Health, Food and the National Standardization Office. This committee looks at trade and environment issues discussed at the international level. It also analyzes any conflicts between trade and environment at the national level, as well as any necessary regulation for imports and exports.

In addition, there is coordination between the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Trade and the Customs authority to implement MEA-mandated trade restrictions.

Also, the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment is working on the implementation of a national "sui generis" legislation for the protection of plant varieties avoiding all the difficulties of UPOV Convention, according to the Cuban national conditions. This law is in accordance with Bodiversity Law where access regulations play a main role.

International negotiations, including those on trade and on environment, are the responsibility of the Ministry of Foreign Relations. For multi-disciplinary issues, Brazil has several models of committees to formulate domestic policies as well as positions in international fora.

One example is the Chamber of Foreign Trade within the Office of the President, which congregates several ministries and is responsible for sorting out questions related to trade policy in general. Linked to this are some special groups which inter alia help build up legislation. For example, the group on access to genetic resources brings together representatives from the Ministries of Environment, Science and Technology, Culture, Industry, Foreign Affairs, as well as the Patent Office and some others. The end product was a law that is presently in Congress. Another group deals with other intellectual property issues. This group has produced a new patent law, a plant variety law, and others.

The Committee on Plant Varieties was created by the law on plant varieties. It tries to define internal policy on plant varieties. It has the participation of government bodies, NGOs, producers, and so forth.

The Technical National Committee on Biosafety has recently been created to debate the Protocol on Biosafety. It brings together the Ministries of Science and Technology, Foreign Affairs, Environment, Agriculture, and some others. Civil society is represented.

The National Council for the Environment can issue legislation. Government, civil society and industry are all represented and have voting rights. Resolutions are binding. Many resolutions concern the implementation of MEAs.

Tanzania has a national environmental policy that takes into consideration participation of private sector and NGOs in achieving sustainable development. The policy seeks to guide the determination of priority actions and provides for monitoring and regular review of policies, plans and programmes. It further provides for sectoral and cross-sectoral policy analysis in order to achieve compatibility among sectors and interested groups and exploit synergies among them.

Each sector, which has a direct impact on the environment, is supposed to form an environment unit to cater for environmental issues. Furthermore, there is supposed to be an inter-ministerial committee which is to be composed of one member from each of the environmental units in the respective sectoral ministries. Some ministries, like that of mining, have already formed an environmental unit. At present, we do not have a structure which tries to inter-link trade and environment issues per se.

Since the Rio conference, at the national level, the Ministries of Trade and Environment have tried to cooperate together to better understand the relationship between environment and trade. A national commission has been established which is in charge of the relationship with WTO. Within this framework, working groups were created, one of which deals with trade and environment. The Commission includes NGOs, and the Ministries of Environment, Agriculture, Industry, Interior, Trade, Habitat, and Transport. The Union of Industries (UTICA) and the Fisheries and Agriculture (UTAP) are the two main NGOs that are the most active members of the working group. The working group has tried to clarify the responsibilities of each of its members in the field of trade and environment. There is good coordination among institutions. What is needed is a better understanding of the relationship between trade and environment.

NGOs are present in all the initiatives that are being taken in the Ministry of the Environment. In the cabinet of the Minister of Environment, there is someone referred to as "Mr. NGO" who is in charge of all relationships with the NGOs. Up until now, this approach has been quite successful.

The recent training course in Tunisia on trade and environment was very successful.

The Ministry of Environment is trying to establish a relationship with the High School of Trade. Next year, this high school will offer post graduate degree in trade and environment. But there is still much to be learned about the linkages between trade and environment; capacity building is thus needed.

The issues of special interest besides capacity building are market access, transfer of sound environmental technologies, EPPs, trade liberalization, and eco-labelling.

Part A:

Coordination in South Africa on trade and environment issues requires improvement. There are four issues which will guide/contextualize future debates on coordination:

1. Development and employment creation are imperative.
2. In South Africa’s constitution, environmental rights are included in the Bill of Rights. This places an obligation on all departments to put in place measures to deal with pollution and environmental degradation. A National Environmental Management Act has been promulgated which forces key departments to draw up environmental management plans. Their main purpose is to communicate to the public and to other departments what programmes are in place.
3. Historically, the National Department for Environmental Affairs has not received the highest priority. The question arises as to where coordination should take place. There has been a lot of discussion on a coordinating mechanism on sustainable development. But the decision has not been taken on where to house this mechanism.
4. South Africa has a history of lack of participation in policy formulation. In the last five years this has given the momentum for very large public participation exercises in both the formulation of policies and in contributing to discussions on MEAs. There have been various consultative groups involving both the public sector and civil society. Now there is an attempt to try to structure them in a way that will make the discussion less confused than it has been so far, for example by disentangling the government issues from the civil society issues.

Part B:

National capacity exists to a large extent, for example regarding experience and knowledge of MEAs. But coordination is a problem that needs to be resolved.

At the final session of the workshop, participants identified priorities for future activities under the project. . Groups of participants volunteered to work jointly on each issue, coordinated by one or two "lead countries". The eleven issues and the participants working on them are described below. Lead countries are in bold.

Since lack of time prevented a detailed discussion on the main objectives of future work under each issue, it was left to UNCTAD and FIELD to propose a short description. It was agreed participants would revise the list of priorities. The following list is offered for comments and revision by participants.

Biodiveristy: sui generis systems for traditional knowledge and access to genetic resources

• Brazil
• Cuba
• India
• Philippines
• Tunisia

Objective: to examine country experiences with the implementation legislation and other policy measures aimed at ensuring mutual benefit sharing. The project will collect information on national legislation (for instance on information/material exchange agreements), if any, as well as on existing cases of benefit sharing.

• South Africa
• Tanzania
• Costa Rica
• Brazil
• India
• Philippines
• Tunisia
• Uganda

Objective: to identify the possible effects of external environmental requirements on market access as well as to identify appropriate policies and measures that can be applied at the national, regional or multilateral level to avoid potentially adverse effects. Each country will focus on a few products of major export interest, where possible in the sectors identified as being of special interest in the context of this project, i.e. agriculture/fisheries and textiles.

• India
• Bangladesh
• Brazil
• Cuba
• Philippines
• Tanzania
• Tunisia
• Uganda
• South Africa

Work under this theme could have two objectives. One is to examine how further trade liberalization, in particular the elimination of trade restrictions (tariff and non-tariff obstacles to trade) and distortions (especially export subsidies) in developed countries could result in "win-win" cases. The other is to examine national experiences in enhancing the contribution that trade liberalization can make to sustainable development. Each country will focus on a few products of major export interest, where possible in the sectors identified as being of special interest in the context of this project, i.e. agriculture/fisheries and textiles. This includes the design and implementation of flanking policies, including through pilot projects (also drawing from UNEP projects). Individual countries could focus on either of these objectives or both.

• Brazil
• Costa Rica
• Philippines
• Tanzania
• Uganda
• UNEP

• South Africa
• Costa Rica
• India
• Philippines
• Tanzania
• Tunisia
• Uganda

• Uganda
• Bangladesh
• Brazil
• India
• Philippines
• Tanzania
• Tunisia

• Bangladesh
• India
• Tunisia

Objective: to examine policies and measures that can promote the effective transfer of environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) to developing countries, focusing on WTO provisions and ways of strengthening their effective implementation. The project will inter alia examine national experiences on the relationship between WTO provisions and transfer of ESTs. This could include, where relevant, experiences with the implementation of WTO provisions in favour of developing countries (such as Articles 7, 8, 40, 66.2 and 67 of the TRIPs Agreement).

• Tunisia
• Brazil
• Cuba
• India
• Philippines
• Tanzania

Objective: to examine policies and measures that can promote the effective transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries. The project will examine the extent to which provisions on transfer of technology in Agenda 21 and MEAs has contributed to effective technology transfer to the country concerned. It will also identify lessons to be learnt for better utilization of such provisions, and, where relevant, their improvement.

• Tanzania
• Philippines
• Bangladesh
• Cuba
• India
• Tunisia
• Uganda

• Philippines
• Tanzania
• Uganda

• Costa Rica
• Brazil
• Philippines
• South Africa

• Transfer of Technology; Concepts and Instruments;
• MEAs and WTO (inter alia climate change, PIC, POPs, Biosafety)
• Mainstreaming
• Scope of TRIPs Art. 27.3(b) - CBD/TRIPs
• Precautionary Principle and trade
• Judicial activism: implications of addressing trade and environment issues through the development of case law

Strengthening Research and Policy-Making Capacity

on Trade and Environment in Developing Countries

Launching meeting, 24-25 June 1999

Day one:

11h00 UNCTAD representative

FIELD representative

11h30 Speakers:

René Vossenaar, UNCTAD

Beatrice Chaytor, FIELD

Discussion

13h00 Lunch

3. Trade and Environment Issues that could be addressed under the Project

15h00 Discussion of the issues

• Multilateral Environmental Agreeements (MEAs)

• Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)

• Market Access

• Trade Liberalisation and Sustainable Development

• Exports of Domestically Prohibited Goods

Conclusion of the Chair

18h30 Cocktail

10h00 Discussion of the issues

• Technology transfer issues

• Strengthening of national capacities

• Policy coordination at the national level

• Dialogue between the Government and Civil Society

Conclusion of the Chair

13h00 Lunch

14h30 Discussion:

• Identification of priority issues for the project

• Identification of activities to be carried out and leading countries

• Involvement of NGOs and national research institutes

• Dates and venue of first meeting

• Issues for discussion at the next meeting

Synthesis of discussions for a preliminary plan of action

17h00 Concluding remarks

Mr. Syid Almgir Chowdhury

Commerce Secretary

Ministry of Commerce

Daka, Bangladesh

Fax: (8802) 865741

Tel: (8802) 86 90 06

e-mail: mincom@bdonline.com

Mr. M. Abdul Mannan

Minister (Economic Affairs)

Permanent Mission of Bangladesh, Geneva

Fax: 738-46-16

Tel: 732 59 40

e-mail: mission.bangladesh@ties.itu.int

Mr. Philip Fox-Drummond Gough

Trade Policy Division

Ministry of Foreign Relations

Brasilia, Brazil

Fax: (5561) 411 6555

Tel: (5561) 411 6411/12

e-mail: gough@mre.gov.br

Ms Claudia de Borba Maciel

Environment Division

Ministry of Foreign Relations

Brasilia, Brazil

Fax: (5561) 322 5523

Tel: (5561)411 6673 / 411 6674 / 411 6985 / 411 6986

e-mail: cmaciel@mre.gov.br

Costa Rica

Mr. Ivan Vicenti Rojas

Ministry of Environment and Energy

San José, Costa Rica

Fax: (506) 253 69 84

Tel: (506) 224 4092 / 235 6515

e-mail: ivincent@casapres.go.cr

Mr. Ronald Saborio ronald.saborio@ties.itu.int

Mr Patricio Grané patricio.grane@ties.itu.int

Ms Laura Dachner laura.dachner@ties.itu.int

Ms Maria Perez maria.perez-esteve@ties.itu.int

Mission of Costa Rica to the WTO, Geneva

Fax: (0041 22) 715 00 99

Tel: (0041 22) 715 00 90

Mr. Esteban Penrod, Mission of Costa Rica to the UN

Mr. Sergio Corella, Mission of Costa Rica to the UN

e-mail: sergio.corella@ties.itu.int

Tel: (41 22) 731 25 87

Fax: (41 22) 731 20 69

Ms Belsis Llorente

International Organisation Division

Ministry of Foreign Trade

La Habana, Cuba

Fax: (537) 333389/550355

Tel: (537) 55 04 52

e-mail: doimail@infocex.cu

Mr. Raul Jorge Garrido Vazquez

Ministerio de Ciencia, Technologia y Medio Ambiente

Direccion de Politica Ambiental

La Habana Cuba

Fax: (537) 570600

Tel: (537) 570598, 570615

e-mail: dpa@ceniai.inf.cu

Ms Natacha Guma Gareta

Second Secretary

Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cuba, Geneva

Fax: (41 22) 758 94 31

Tel: (41 22) 758 94 30

e-mail: mission-cuba.oficomex@ties.itu.int

Mr. Atul Kaushik

Under Secretary

Ministry of Commerce

New Delhi, India

Fax: (91 11) 3013583

Tel: (91 11) 301 5888

e-mail: akaushik@ub.delhi.nic.in

Ms Homai Saha

Permanent Mission of India, Geneva

Fax: 731 54 71

Tel: 906 8686

e-mail: homai.saha@ties.itu.int

Mr. Rafaelito H. Taruc

Head and Director Infrastructure & Service-Oriented

Industries Department

Board of Investments

Environmental Unit of Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

and Board of Investment (BOI)

Co-ordinator, DTI Council for Sustainable Development

Manila, Philippines

Fax: (63 2) 899 88 93

Tel: (63 2) 890 8298

e-mail: boisoid@mnl.sequel.net

Dr. Beatriz P. del Rosario

Officer-in-Charge

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources

Research and Development (PCARRD)

Department of Science and Technology

Los Baños, Laguna 4030

Philippines

Fax: (6349) 5360016

Tel: (63 49) 530014-20 (63 2) 837 1651

e-mail: bpr@ultra.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph

Ms Angelina Sta. Catalina

Permanent Mission of the Philippines, Geneva

Fax: 716 1932

Tel: 716 19 30

e-mail: mission.philippines@ties.itu.int

Mr. Marcel Mitchelson

Department of Trade and Environment

Sub-directorate Environment

Johannesburg, South Africa

Fax: (27 12) 320 1414

Tel: (27 12) 310 1077

e-mail mmitchel@dti.pwv.gov.za

Ms Judy Beaumont

South African Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

Fax: (27 21) 418 2582

Tel: (27 21) 402 3029

e-mail: beaumont@sfri.wcape.gov.za

Mr. Lucas Saronga

Ministry of Industry and Commerce (MIC)

Dar-Es-Salaam, Republic of Tanzania

Fax: (255 51) 184727

Tel: 255 51) 180049

e-mail: mic@raha.com.

Ms Adelaide Tilya

Senior Environment Management Officer

Vice President=s Office

Division of Environment

Dar-Es-Salaam, Republic of Tanzania

Fax: (255 52) 113856

Tel: (255 52) 113983

e-mail: vpodoe@intafrica.com

Ms Khedija Chahloul

D-G de la Coopération Economique et Commerciale

Ministère du Commerce

Tunis, Tunisia

Fax: (216 1) 795745

Tel: (216 1) 893 784

e-mail: khedija.chahloul@ati.tn

Ms. Hedia Baccar

Director at the Cabinet

Ministry of Environment

1004 Tunis, Tunisia

Fax: (216 1) 704340

Tel: (216 1) 30 29 59

e-mail: boc.meat@rdd.tn

Mr. Nimrod Waniala

Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry

Kampala, Uganda

Fax: (256 41) 347286

Tel: (256 41) 349521

e-mail: neic@starcom.co.ug

Mr. Telly Eugene Muramira

National Environment Management Authority

Kampala, Uganda

Fax: (256 41) 349203 / 257521

Tel: (256 41) 241064/5/8

e-mail: neic@starcom.co.ug

Mr. Richard Dewdney

Head of Section

Environment Policy Department

Department for International Development (DFID)

Fax: (44 171) 917 0679

Tel: (44 171) 917 0077

e-mail: r-dewdney@dfid.gov.uk

Mr. James Cameron

Director

46/47 Russell Square

London WC1B 4JP

Tel: (44 171) 919 1000

Fax: (44 171) 637 7951

e-mail: james.cameron@bakernet.com

Ms. Beatrice Chaytor

Tel: (44 171) 637 7950

e-mail: bc4@soas.ac.uk

Mr. Jon Preston Sanders

e-mail: preston@sover.net

jsanders@vermontlaw.edu

Mr. Lucas Assuncao

Program Director

Research, Documentation and Support Services

Fax: (41 22) 917 8093

Tel: (41 22) 917 8492

e-mail: lassuncao@ictsd.ch

Rene Vossenaar

Chief, Trade, Environment and Development Section

UNCTAD

Palais des Nations

CH-1211 Geneva 10

Switzerland

Fax: (41 22) 917 0247

Tel: (41 22) 907 5679

e-mail: rene.vossenaar@unctad.org

Ulrich Hoffmann

Fax: (41 22) 917 0247

Tel: (41 22) 907 5780

e-mail: ulrich.hoffmann@unctad.org

Veena Jha

Fax: (91 11) 462 7612

Tel: (91 11) 462 8877

e-mail: veena.jha@undp.org

Valerie Normand

Fax: (41 22) 917 0247

Tel: (41 22) 907 5566

e-mail: valerie.normand@unctad.org

Sophia Twarog

Fax: (41 22) 917 0247

Tel: (41 22) 907 5082

e-mail: sophia.twarog@unctad.org

Eugenia Nuñez

Economics and Trade Unit

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Geneva Executive Centre, 5^th floor

15 Chemin des Anemones

CH-1219 Châtelaine

Switzerland

Fax: (41 22) 796 9240

Tel: (41 22) 917 8259

e-mail: enunez@unog.ch

Ms Mariko Hara

Economics and Trade Unit

Fax: (41 22) 796 9240

Tel: (41 22) 917 8609

e-mail: mariko.hara@unep.ch

World Trade Organization

Ms Risa Schwartz

Trade and Environment Division

World Trade Organization

Geneva, Switzerland

Tel: (41 22) 739 51 11

e-mail: risa.schwartz@wto.org