TALLER NACIONAL Servicios Ambientales y Bienes Preferibles p= ara el Ambiente: Conceptos y elementos para las negociaciones comerciales=20 Organizado por la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas para el Comercio y Desarro= llo en colaboración con La Secretarí

<= /div>

‹header› =

<= /div>

‹date/time›

<= /div>

‹footer› =

<= /div>

‹#›

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Worksho= p on Environmental Requirements and Ma= rket Access for Developing Countries: How t= o Turn Challenges into Opportunities?
Geneva, 3-4 July 2006

•

Electrical and Electronic Equi= pment (EEE) and <= /span>

•Energy-using Products (EuP)

•

•Ritu Kumar

•TERI-Europe

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2&#= 13;

EEE and EuP

EEE-related issues

[Has been focus of DFID and CTF

activities]

•Covers several categories of EEE •EC WEEE and RoHS Directive focus on waste from EEEE •RoHS legislation in EU, California and China focuses on hazardous substances that may complicate waste management

EuP-related issues

[No CTF activities so far]

•Covers most EEE and other EuP •EuP Directive focuses on several environmental aspects, based on life-cycle thinking •= Greenhouse gas mitigation through increased energy efficiency considered a priority environmental goal pending the adoption of a working plan. &#= 13;

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>•Eco-design

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal;visibility:hidden'>•

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3&#= 13;

EEE

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4&#= 13;

UNCTAD ACTIVITIES ON EEE

DFID-funded project:

•Studies as well as national= and regional stakeholder consultations) o= n the experiences of China, the Philippines and Thailand

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal;visibility:hidden'>•

CTF:

•UNCTAD-UNESCAP workshop on Exchanging National Experiences among the Principal Exporting Developing Countries - Environmental Requirements and Market Access for EEE (Bangkok, 25-27 May 2005)

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>•Same countries + Malaysia

UNCTAD TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT REVIEW 2006

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5&#= 13;

The AEDE P= roject (Asia Eco Design Electronics)=

•Funded by EU Asia Pro= Eco Programme:

–

–= Assess implications of EU Directives (WEEE, RoHS, EuP) on component suppliers in India, China and Thailand <= /span>

–= Provide information and develop capacity building plans

–= Develop eco-design tools

•

•Website: www.cfsd.org.uk/aede

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6&#= 13;

BACKGROU= ND [1]

•Concern over environmental and health problems associated with growing volumes of post-consumer waste from EEE has triggered significant environmental policy initiatives. <= /div>

•= Comprehensive new environmental legislation in Europe and Japan and, at sub-national, in the US (e.g. California)

•The EEE industry: production of components and assemblage increasingly outsourced to developing countries.

–China, Malaysia= , the Philippines and Thailand now supply large part of developed countries’ imports of EEE

•= Legislation and private-sector initiatives have implications throughout the supply chain.

•

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7&#= 13;

BACKGROU= ND [2]

•The EEE sector is of dynamic export interest to several developing countries

•Developing countries need to make adjustments (a) to meet requirements transmitted through the s= upply chain and (b) address problems associated with growing volumes of domestic post-consumer EEE-waste (and imports of used EEE).

•To achieve this, these countries not only need accurate and timely information, but also assistance in the interpretation of information to make it relevant for adjustment strategies <= /span>

•

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8&#= 13;

LEGISLAT= ION

•European Union

–= Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive= 3;

–= Restrictions on the Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive

•Japan

–= Home Appliances Recycling Law (HARL)

–Law for the Promotion and Effective Utilisation of Resources = (LPEUR)

•State of California

–= The Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003

•China

–Management Methods for the Prevention and Control of Pollutio= n from Electronics Information Products (“Chinese RoHS”)

•Thailand

–= Legislation on WEEE and RoHS under preparation

–= Introduction of strict regulation on imports of second-hand EEE

•

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9&#= 13;

ELIMINA= TION OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

•The RoHS Directive <= /div>

–Eliminate hazardous materials from waste streams by= = prescri= bing that as of 1 July 2006 new EEE put on the market = may not contain lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavelent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls or polybrominated diphe= nyl ethers (PBDE), with certain exceptions.

•California

–= Same substances as ROH= S

•Chinese ROHS

–Substance restrictions affecting a broad range of products, <= /span>parts and components defined as "electronic information = products" ("EIP") as of 1 March 2007

•

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10&#= 13;

PRODUCT CATEGORIES COVERED

•Large household appliances (e.g. fridges and washing <= /span>machines)

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>•Small household appliances (e.g. vacuum cleaners, irons) =

•IT and telecommunication equipment (e.g. PCs, <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:43.5%;left:9.73%;width:84.45%;height:4.75%'= >photocopiers, telephones)

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>•Consumer equipment (TV, videos, hi-fi equipment) <= /span>

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>•Lighting equipment (e.g. fluorescent lamps)

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>•Electrical and electronic tools (e.g. drills, sewing machines= )

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>•Toys (e.g. video games)

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>•Medical equipment (not covered by RoHS)

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>•Monitoring equipment

<= span style=3D'font-weight:normal'>•Automatic dispensers (e.g. drinks machines)

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11&#= 13;

C= ost of call-back

Technology substitution,

R&D

P= roduct certification

E.g. with the implementation of WEEE, new cost to China’s suppliers mainly includes: = Registration fee, <= /span>= Callback capital assurance, Information fee, <= /span>= Junk household appliances classified collection, <= /span>= Cal= lback fee ,the cost of local environ= ment impactsassociated with E-waste= . <= /span>

C= osts of compliance

a. Costs= of compliance

I= ncrease in

p= roduct

c= ost

E.g. Chinese mfrs= use tin with a high content of lead, whose price is about = 60 RMB per kilogram. With RoHS, using a non-lead tin substitute, the = price will rise t= o 260 = RMB per = kilogram.<= span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'mso-fareast-font-family:\5B8B\4F53;mso-hansi-font-fa= mily: Arial;color:gray;mso-color-index:2;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN'>

Manufa= cturers of fi= nal products will have = increa= singly stringent controls on suppliers includ= ing some form of certification.

The implementation of = the WEEE and RoHS may result in at least a = 10% increase in cost of household appliances = in China.

IMPLICATIONS FOR SUPPLIERS

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NACIONAL Servicios Ambientales y Bienes Preferibles p= ara el Ambiente: Conceptos y elementos para las negociaciones comerciales=20 Organizado por la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas para el Comercio y Desarro= llo en colaboración con La Secretarí

12&#= 13;

IMPLICAT= IONS (2)

•b. Marginalisation of SMEs

•

•

• <= /span>

Cost factor

Technological

factor

Marginalisation of

SMEs

E. g. Sony referred about 4000 providers in She= nzen province to meet the EU’s Directives of which about 25% = have qualified. <= /span>

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13&#= 13;

IMPLICATIONS …

c.Employme= nt impacts

d.

•

Employment

creation = ;

Employment loss

Marginalisation

of Small suppliers &= #13;

Opportunity on

supply chain

Export reduces

Job created in

callback system

Ø Testing, monitoring and control = = ind= ustry.
<= span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:89%;color:gray;mso-color-= index: 2;visibility:hidden'>Ø
Ø Creation of jobs for 3rd party <= /span>= cer= tification.

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14&#= 13;

SUPPLIER MATERIAL DECLARATIONS

•Many customers are demanding information from suppliers to have assurance that products are in compliance with RoHS.

•Thi= s may be through supplier material declarations, a document that discloses the part per million (= ppm) levels of substances in a product.

•Dem= ands from customers vary in terms of scope, content, type and format of material disclosures. =

•Some customers are applying safety margins or are requiring disclosure beyond RoHS-banned substan= ces.

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15&#= 13;

STANDARD= S FOR TESTING PROCEDURES

•There is currently no internationally harmonized conformity assessment test for the complete removal of heavy metals and other problematic substances from EEE, which complicates technically and commercially = compliance assurance by producers.

•= However, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) TC 111 Working Group 3 is developing a standard on test procedures for the determination of six regulated substances in EEE.

•

•

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16&#= 13;

MISSION = AND GOAL OF IEC TC 111 WG 3

•= Mission:

–Develop a standard that will define test procedures that will allow the electrotechnical industry to determine the concentration of= the regulated substances (EU RoHS, China, United States, Japan) in electrotechnical products on a consistent global basis&= #13;

•= Goal:

–Develop a standard for electrotechnical industry to be used by labs globally for OEMs, suppliers, NGOs, governments, etc.

–The draft standard will be submitted as proposal for an IEC standard

------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/slide0293_image047.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlh4gFEAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAADg AUMAgAAAAAAA/wLkjI+py+0Po5y02ouz3rz7D4biSJbmiabqyrbuC8fyTNf2jef6zvf+DwwKh8Si 8YhMKpfMpvMJjUqn1Kr1is1qt9yu9wsOi8fksvmMTqvX7Lb7DY/L5/S6/Y7P6/f8vv8PGCg4SFho eIiYqLjI2Oj4CBkpOUlZaXmJmam5ydnp+QkaKjpKWmp6ipqqusra6voKGys7S1tre4ubq7vL2+v7 CxwsPExcbHyMnKy8zNzs/AwdLT1NXW19jZ2tvc3d7f0NHi4+Tl5ufo6err7O3u7+Dh8vP09fb3+P n6+/z9/v/w8wYIgCADs= ------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/slide0278.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252" TALLER NACIONAL Servicios Ambientales y Bienes Preferibles p= ara el Ambiente: Conceptos y elementos para las negociaciones comerciales=20 Organizado por la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas para el Comercio y Desarro= llo en colaboración con La Secretarí

17&#= 13;

<= span style=3D'font-size:86%'>
RECOMMENDATIONS
To regulatory and standards-set= ting authorities

•Disseminate, as early as possible, information on new = environmental requirements and likely implications for developing countries with a key export interest <= /span>•Provide information on implications of new environmental regulations for developing countries and on technical = cooperation/capacity building programmes. = •In stakeholder consultations and regulatory impact assessments, address the implications for developing <= /span>countries, especially SMEs. <= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.87%'>•Be proactive in facilitating the participation of developing = countries in stakeholder consultations. •In designing flanking policies, pay attention to addressing <= /span>the constraints of and offering opportunities for developing = countries.
<= span style=3D'font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;visibility:hidden'>•

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18&#= 13;

RECOMMENDATIONS
To governments and the business sector in key developi= ng countries

•Des= ign proactive adjustment policies

•Ide= ntify the implications for SMEs and promote SME alliances to better cope with new requirements = ;

•Exp= lore early-warning mechanisms, including an assessment of likely impacts and adjustments to be = made.

•Imp= lement cost-effective eco-design programmes.

•Str= engthen environmental management systems, paying more attention to product-related aspects = (e.g. in the context of ISO 14001).

•Par= ticipate in further consultations with developed countries.
•Ana= lyze beneficial and catalytic effects of meeting new environmental requirements.

------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/slide0281_image049.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlh4gFYAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAADg AVYAgAAAAAAA/wL/jI+py+0Po5y02ouz3rz7D4biSJbmiabqyrbuC8fyTNf2jef6zvf+DwwKh8Si 8YhMKpfMpvMJjUqn1Kr1is1qt9yu9wsOi8fksvmMTqvX7Lb7DY/L5/S6/Y7P6/f8vv8PGCg4SFho eIiYqLjI2Oj4CBkpOUlZaXmJmam5ydnp+QkaKjpKWmp6ipqqusra6voKGys7S1tre4ubq7vL2+v7 CxwsPExcbHyMnKy8zNzs/AwdLT1NXW19jZ2tvc3d7f0NHi4+Tl5ufo6err7O3u7+Dh8vP09fb3+P n6+/z9/v/w8woMCBBAsaPIgwocKFDBs6fAgxosSJFCtavIgxo8aNCxw7evwIMqTIeQUAADs= ------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/slide0282.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252" TALLER NACIONAL Servicios Ambientales y Bienes Preferibles p= ara el Ambiente: Conceptos y elementos para las negociaciones comerciales=20 Organizado por la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas para el Comercio y Desarro= llo en colaboración con La Secretarí

19&#= 13;

R= ECOMMENDATIONS
to CTF

•Continue to promote the exchange of national experiences on pro-active adjustment policies.

•Facilitate studies on implications of developments in supply = chain management for SMEs and the feasibility of the <= /span>creation of alliances of SMEs.

•Help facilitate early interaction between developing and developed countries on standards and legislation.

•= Support the planning and implementation of capacity-building activities.

•

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20&#= 13;

EuP

•In Europe it has been estimated that = over 80 per cent of all product-related environmental impacts are determined during the product design phase
•Integrating environmental considerati= ons as early as possible into the product development process is therefore considered to be the most effective way of introducing changes and improvements to products

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21&#= 13;

EuP DIRECTIVE

•Framework for setting eco-design requirements for EuP = before they can be placed on the market. <= /div>
•= Does not contain immediate obligations for manufacturers, but it enables detailed implementing measures that the Commission, assisted by a Regulatory Committee, is to bring <= /span>= forward for specific products over time. <= /div>
•Published in May 2005. Within two years the Commission, in consultation with stakeholders via a Consultation Forum (to <= /span>= be established in 2006) is required to publish a work = = programme for the following 3 years.

•= National transposition before 11 August 2007.

•= First implementing measures creating eco-design obligations for some EuPs may be adopted in 2007.

------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/slide0283_image052.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlh4gE5AHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAADg ATcAgAAAAAAA/wLMjI+py+0Po5y02ouz3rz7D4biSJbmiabqyrbuC8fyTNf2jef6zvf+DwwKh8Si 8YhMKpfMpvMJjUqn1Kr1is1qt9yu9wsOi8fksvmMTqvX7Lb7DY/L5/S6/Y7P6/f8vv8PGCg4SFho eIiYqLjI2Oj4CBkpOUlZaXmJmam5ydnp+QkaKjpKWmp6ipqqusra6voKGys7S1tre4ubq7vL2+v7 CxwsPExcbHyMnKy8zNzs/AwdLT1NXW19jZ2tvc3d7f0NHi4+Tl5ufo6eXlQAADs= ------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/slide0292.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252" TALLER NACIONAL Servicios Ambientales y Bienes Preferibles p= ara el Ambiente: Conceptos y elementos para las negociaciones comerciales=20 Organizado por la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas para el Comercio y Desarro= llo en colaboración con La Secretarí

22&#= 13;

EuP DIRECTIVE

•Implications for developing countries depending on the implementing measures that are adopted in the future

•= Some key issues:

–Which products will be selected for implementing measures?

–Will suppliers of components and subassemblies be affected by implementing measures?

–How will manufacturers in developing countries have to demonstrate compliance?

–Will implications for developing cou= ntries be considered in impact assessments and cost-benefit analyses?

–How can developing countries comment= ?

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23&#= 13;

PRODUCT COVERAGE

•No list of EuP that may be covered by implementing measures

•= Selection criteria: products that

–Represent significant volume of sales (indicatively more than 200,000 units a year within the Community);

–Have a significant environmental impact
–Present significant potential for improvement in terms of its environmental impact without ent= ailing excessive costs.

•Work plan is to set out an indicative list of product groups which will be considered as priorities

•= The EC has commissioned assessment studies.

------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/slide0284_image054.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlh4gFEAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAADg AUMAgAAAAAAA/wLkjI+py+0Po5y02ouz3rz7D4biSJbmiabqyrbuC8fyTNf2jef6zvf+DwwKh8Si 8YhMKpfMpvMJjUqn1Kr1is1qt9yu9wsOi8fksvmMTqvX7Lb7DY/L5/S6/Y7P6/f8vv8PGCg4SFho eIiYqLjI2Oj4CBkpOUlZaXmJmam5ydnp+QkaKjpKWmp6ipqqusra6voKGys7S1tre4ubq7vL2+v7 CxwsPExcbHyMnKy8zNzs/AwdLT1NXW19jZ2tvc3d7f0NHi4+Tl5ufo6err7O3u7+Dh8vP09fb3+P n6+/z9/v/w8wYIgCADs= ------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/slide0285.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252" TALLER NACIONAL Servicios Ambientales y Bienes Preferibles p= ara el Ambiente: Conceptos y elementos para las negociaciones comerciales=20 Organizado por la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas para el Comercio y Desarro= llo en colaboración con La Secretarí

24&#= 13;

ASSESSMENT STUDIES

•Boi= lers and combi-boilers (gas/oil/electric)

•Wat= er heaters (gas/oil/electric)

•Per= sonal computers (desktops and laptops), computer monitors
•Ima= ging equipment: copiers, faxes, printers, scanners, multifunctional devices, consumer electronics, televisions

•Bat= tery chargers and external power supplies

•Off= ice lighting

•(Pu= blic) street lighting

•Res= idential room conditioning appliances (airco and ventilation)
•Ele= ctric motors (1-150 kW) and water pumps (in commercial buildings, drinking water pumping, fo= od industry, agriculture)

•Fan= s for ventilation (non residential buildings)

•Com= mercial refrigerators and freezers

•Dom= estic refrigerators and freezers

•Dom= estic dishwashers and washing machines

------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/slide0285_image055.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlh4gE0AHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAADg ATMAgAAAAAAA/wLDjI+py+0Po5y02ouz3rz7D4biSJbmiabqyrbuC8fyTNf2jef6zvf+DwwKh8Si 8YhMKpfMpvMJjUqn1Kr1is1qt9yu9wsOi8fksvmMTqvX7Lb7DY/L5/S6/Y7P6/f8vv8PGCg4SFho eIiYqLjI2Oj4CBkpOUlZaXmJmam5ydnp+QkaKjpKWmp6ipqqusra6voKGys7S1tre4ubq7vL2+v7 CxwsPExcbHyMnKy8zNzs/AwdLT1NXW19jZ2tvc3d7f0N7loAADs= ------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/slide0298.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252" TALLER NACIONAL Servicios Ambientales y Bienes Preferibles p= ara el Ambiente: Conceptos y elementos para las negociaciones comerciales=20 Organizado por la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas para el Comercio y Desarro= llo en colaboración con La Secretarí

25&#= 13;

PRO-ACTIVE ADJUSTMENT STRATEGIES

•Pro-active adjus= tment strategies to new environmental requirements, including the promotion of eco-design, may assist = developing countries in meeting new requirements a= nd turning challenges into opportunities.

•This involves ta= king into account the benefits of, for example, greater energy efficiency and improved post-consum= er management of products in both developed and devel= oping countries.

•Such strategies = may also contribute to the security of energy supply, an important policy objective for countrie= s such as China and India. <= /span>

•CTF applied for membership of EuP Consultation Forum to represent Developing Countries’ perspective=

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26&#= 13;

POSIBLE ISSUES FOR DISCUSSION=

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27&#= 13;

POSSIBLE ISSUES FOR DISCUSSION

•How= should CTF follow up on its work in the area of EEE?

•Key= issues to be addressed in further exchanges of national = experiences in pro-active adjustment = policies in the area of management of waste from EEE in the light of external and domestic environmental requirements? =

•How= can cost-effective eco-design strategies assist developing countries in coping with environmental requirements and achieving national objectives in the areas of energy efficiency = (including security of energy supply)= and waste management?

•Wha= t can developing countries do to prepare for EuP Directive?

•Wha= t should be the role of CTF in the area of EuP?

•What co-operative arrangements with other initiatives could be = forged?

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<= /div>

‹#›&= #13;

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(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) ) return var padding=3D0; if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6 cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor ) factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH newSize =3D g_origSz * factor if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1 s=3DSlideObj.style s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px" s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2 s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2 if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) } function _InitAnimations() { animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined'; isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode(); g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc= reen && parent.IsSldVisited()); if( g_animUseRuntime ) { collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq"); if( collSeq !=3D null ) { for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 ) gSldJumpIdx =3D 1; var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx); gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D ""; win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref ) } } } function _KDH() { if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) { event.returnValue =3D 0; parent.GoToPrevSld(); } }function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && (window.name=3D=3D"PPTSld") && !parent.IsFrames= Mode() ) || (event && event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) { =09 if( g_animUseRuntime && g_animMainSequence && g_animMainSequence.cangonex= t ) return; parent.GoToNextSld(); } } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D27, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var g_fBaseHyperlink =3D false; var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0259.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0289.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0295.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0266.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0300.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0268.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0270.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0271.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0272.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0290.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0302.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0276.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0303.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0294.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0277.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0= 293.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0278.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide02= 81.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0282.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide029= 7.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0283.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0292= .htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0284.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0285.= htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0298.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0299.h= tm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0286.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href) { var regExp =3D /^file:\/\/\//i; return href.replace(regExp, "") } function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") href =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href) if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; =09 if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(obj.mSldHref= )) else PPTSld.location.replace(obj.mSldHref) =09 if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)) else PPTSld.location.replace(href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('

' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; 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charset="windows-1252" TALLER NACIONAL Servicios Ambientales y Bienes Preferibles p= ara el Ambiente: Conceptos y elementos para las negociaciones comerciales=20 Organizado por la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas para el Comercio y Desarro= llo en colaboración con La Secretarí ------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252"

No= tes

Slide Show

Outline

1

Workshop on Environmental Requirements and Market Access for Developing Countries: Ho= w to Turn Challenges into Opportunities?
Geneva, 3-4 July 2006

Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and

Energy-using Products (EuP)

Ritu Kumar

TERI-Europe

2

EEE and EuP<= /font>

EEE-related issues

[Has been focus of DFID and CTF

activities]

Covers several categories of EEE

EC WEEE and RoHS Directive focus on waste from EEEE

RoHS legislation in EU, California and China focuses on hazardous substances that may complicate waste management

EuP-related issues

[No CTF activities so far]

Covers most EEE and other EuP

EuP Directive focuses on several environmental aspects, based on life-cycle thinking

Greenhouse gas mitigation through increased energy efficiency consid= ered a priority environmental goal pending the adoption of a working plan= .

Eco-design

3

EEE

4

UNCTAD ACTIVITIE= S ON EEE

DFID-funded project:

Studies as well as national and regional stakeholder consultations) = on the experiences of China, the Philippines and Thailand

CTF:

UNCTAD-UNESCAP workshop on Exchanging National Experiences among the Principal Exporting Developing Countries - Environmental Requirements and Market Access for EEE (Bangkok, 25-27 May 2005)

Same countries + Malaysia

5

The AEDE Project= (Asia Eco Design Electronics)

Funded by EU Asia Pro Eco Programme:

Assess implications of EU Directives (WEEE, RoHS, EuP) on component suppliers in India, China and Thailand

Provide information and develop capacity building plans

Develop eco-design tools

Website: www.cfsd.org.uk/aede

6

BACKGROUND [1]

Concern over environmental and health problems associated with growi= ng volumes of post-consumer waste from EEE has triggered significant environmental policy initiatives.

Comprehensive new environmental legislation in Europe and Japan and,= at sub-national, in the US (e.g. California)

The EEE industry: production of components and assemblage increasing= ly outsourced to developing countries.

China, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand now supply large part= of developed countries’ imports of EEE

Legislation and private-sector initiatives have implications through= out the supply chain.

7

BACKGROUND [2]

The EEE sector is of dynamic export interest to several developing countries

Developing countries need to make adjustments (a) to meet requirements transmitted through= the supply chain and (b) address problems associated with growing volume= s of domestic post-consumer EEE-waste (and imports of used EEE).

To achieve this, these countries not only need accurate and timely information, but also assistance in the interpretation of informatio= n to make it relevant for adjustment strategies

8

LEGISLATION<= /font>

European Union

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive

Restrictions on the Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive

Japan

Home Appliances Recycling Law (HARL)

Law for the Promotion and Effective Utilisation of Resources (LPEUR= )

State of California

The Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003

China

Management Methods for the Prevention and Control of Pollution from Electronics Information Products (“Chinese RoHS”)

Thailand

Legislation on WEEE and RoHS under preparation

Introduction of strict regulation on imports of second-hand EEE

9

ELIMINATION OF H= AZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

The RoHS Directive

Eliminate hazardous materials from waste streams by prescribing tha= t as of 1 July 2006 new EEE put on the market may not contain lead, merc= ury, cadmium, hexavelent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), with certain exceptions.

California

Same substances as ROHS

Chinese ROHS

Substance restrictions affecting a broad range of products, parts a= nd components defined as "electronic information products" ("EIP") as of 1 March 2007

10

PRODUCT CATEGOR= IES COVERED

Large household appliances (e.g. fridges and washing machines)

Small household appliances (e.g. vacuum cleaners, irons)

IT and telecommunication equipment (e.g. PCs, photocopiers, telephon= es)

Consumer equipment (TV, videos, hi-fi equipment)

Lighting equipment (e.g. fluorescent lamps)

Electrical and electronic tools (e.g. drills, sewing machines)

Toys (e.g. video games)

Medical equipment (not covered by RoHS)

Monitoring equipment

Automatic dispensers (e.g. drinks machines)

11

IMPLICATIONS FOR SUPPLIERS

12

IMPLICATIONS (2= )

b. Marginalisation of SMEs

13

IMPLICATIONS …<= /a>

Employment impacts

14

SUPPLIER MATERI= AL DECLARATIONS

Many customers are demanding information from suppliers to have assurance that products are in compliance with RoHS.

This may be through supplier material declarations, a document that discloses the part per million (ppm) levels of substances in a produ= ct.

Demands from customers vary in terms of scope, content, type and for= mat of material disclosures.

Some customers are applying safety margins or are requiring disclosu= re beyond RoHS-banned substances.

15

STANDARDS FOR T= ESTING PROCEDURES

There is currently no internationally harmonized conformity assessme= nt test for the complete removal of heavy metals and other problematic substances from EEE, which complicates technically and commercially compliance assurance by producers.

However, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) TC 111 Working Group 3 is developing a standard on test procedures for the determination of six regulated substances in EEE.

16

MISSION AND GOA= L OF IEC TC 111 WG 3

Mission:

Develop a standard that will define test procedures that will allow= the electrotechnical industry to determine the concentration of the regulated substances (EU RoHS, China, United States, Japan) in electrotechnical products on a consistent global basis

Goal:

Develop a standard for electrotechnical industry to be used by labs globally for OEMs, suppliers, NGOs, governments, etc.

The draft standard will be submitted as proposal for an IEC standar= d

17

RECOMMENDATIONS
To regulatory and standards-setting authorities

Disseminate, as early as possible, information on new environmental requirements and likely implications for developing countries with a= key export interest

Provide information on implications of new environmental regulations= for developing countries and on technical cooperation/capacity building programmes.

In stakeholder consultations and regulatory impact assessments, addr= ess the implications for developing countries, especially SMEs.

Be proactive in facilitating the participation of developing countri= es in stakeholder consultations.

In designing flanking policies, pay attention to addressing the constraints of and offering opportunities for developing countries.<= /li>

18

RECOMMENDATIONS=
To governments and the business sector in key developing countries<= /font>

Design proactive adjustment policies

Identify the implications for SMEs and promote SME alliances to bett= er cope with new requirements

Explore early-warning mechanisms, including an assessment of likely impacts and adjustments to be made.

Implement cost-effective eco-design programmes.

Strengthen environmental management systems, paying more attention to product-related aspects (e.g. in the context of ISO 14001).

Participate in further consultations with developed countries.

Analyze beneficial and catalytic effects of meeting new environmental requirements.

19

RECOMMENDATIONS=
to CTF

Continue to promote the exchange of national experiences on pro-acti= ve adjustment policies.

Facilitate studies on implications of developments in supply chain management for SMEs and the feasibility of the creation of alliances= of SMEs.

Help facilitate early interaction between developing and developed countries on standards and legislation.

Support the planning and implementation of capacity-building activit= ies.

20

EuP<= /div>

In Europe it has been estimated that over 80 per cent of all product-related environmental impacts are determined during the prod= uct design phase

Integrating environmental considerations as early as possible into t= he product development process is therefore considered to be the most effective way of introducing changes and improvements to products

21

EuP DIRECTIVE

Framework for setting eco-design requirements for EuP before they ca= n be placed on the market.

Does not contain immediate obligations for manufacturers, but it ena= bles detailed implementing measures that the Commission, assisted by a Regulatory Committee, is to bring forward for specific products over time.

Published in May 2005. Within two years the Commission, in consultat= ion with stakeholders via a Consultation Forum (to be established in 200= 6) is required to publish a work programme for the following 3 years.
National transposition before 11 August 2007.

First implementing measures creating eco-design obligations for some EuPs may be adopted in 2007= .

22

EuP DIRECTIVE

Implications for developing countries depending on the implementing measures that are adopted in the future

Some key issues:

Which products will be selected for implementing measures?

Will suppliers of components and subassemblies be affected by implementing measures?

How will manufacturers in developing countries have to demonstrate compliance?

Will implications for developing countries be considered in impact assessments and cost-benefit analyses?

How can developing countries comment?

23

PRODUCT COVERAG= E

No list of EuP that may be covered by implementing measures

Selection criteria: products that

Represent significant volume of sales (indicatively more than 200,0= 00 units a year within the Community);

Have a significant environmental impact

Present significant potential for improvement in terms of its environmental impact without entailing excessive costs.

Work plan is to set out an indicative list of product groups which w= ill be considered as priorities

The EC has commissioned assessment studies.

24

ASSESSMENT STUD= IES

Boilers and combi-boilers (gas/oil/electric)

Water heaters (gas/oil/electric)

Personal computers (desktops and laptops), computer monitors

Imaging equipment: copiers, faxes, printers, scanners, multifunction= al devices, consumer electronics, televisions

Battery chargers and external power supplies

Office lighting

(Public) street lighting

Residential room conditioning appliances (airco and ventilation)

Electric motors (1-150 kW) and water pumps (in commercial buildings, drinking water pumping, food industry, agriculture)

Fans for ventilation (non residential buildings)

Commercial refrigerators and freezers

Domestic refrigerators and freezers

Domestic dishwashers and washing machines

25

PRO-ACTIVE ADJU= STMENT STRATEGIES

Pro-active adjustment strategies to new environmental requirements, including the promotion of eco-design, may assist developing countri= es in meeting new requirements and turning challenges into opportunitie= s.

This involves taking into account the benefits of, for example, grea= ter energy efficiency and improved post-consumer management of products = in both developed and developing countries.

Such strategies may also contribute to the security of energy supply= , an important policy objective for countries such as China and India.
CTF applied for membership of EuP Consultation Forum to represent Developing Countries’ perspective

26

POSIBLE ISSUES = FOR DISCUSSION

27

POSSIBLE ISSUES= FOR DISCUSSION

How should CTF follow up on its work in the area of EEE?

Key issues to be addressed in further exchanges of national experien= ces in pro-active adjustment policies in the area of management of waste from EEE in the light of external and domestic environmental requirements?

How can cost-effective eco-design strategies assist developing count= ries in coping with environmental requirements and achieving national objectives in the areas of energy efficiency (including security of energy supply) and waste management?

What can developing countries do to prepare for EuP Directive?

What should be the role of CTF in the area of EuP?

What co-operative arrangements with other initiatives could be forge= d?

------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00 Content-Location: file:///C:/EEEC4092/CTF-RituKumar_files/filelist.xml Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" ------=_NextPart_01C6A03C.B3FCAA00--

1	Workshop on Environmental Requirements and Market Access for Developing Countries: Ho= w to Turn Challenges into Opportunities? Geneva, 3-4 July 2006 Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) and Energy-using Products (EuP) Ritu Kumar TERI-Europe
2	EEE and EuP<= /font> EEE-related issues [Has been focus of DFID and CTF activities] Covers several categories of EEE EC WEEE and RoHS Directive focus on waste from EEEE RoHS legislation in EU, California and China focuses on hazardous substances that may complicate waste management EuP-related issues [No CTF activities so far] Covers most EEE and other EuP EuP Directive focuses on several environmental aspects, based on life-cycle thinking Greenhouse gas mitigation through increased energy efficiency consid= ered a priority environmental goal pending the adoption of a working plan= . Eco-design
3	EEE
4	UNCTAD ACTIVITIE= S ON EEE DFID-funded project: Studies as well as national and regional stakeholder consultations) = on the experiences of China, the Philippines and Thailand CTF: UNCTAD-UNESCAP workshop on Exchanging National Experiences among the Principal Exporting Developing Countries - Environmental Requirements and Market Access for EEE (Bangkok, 25-27 May 2005) Same countries + Malaysia
5	The AEDE Project= (Asia Eco Design Electronics) Funded by EU Asia Pro Eco Programme: Assess implications of EU Directives (WEEE, RoHS, EuP) on component suppliers in India, China and Thailand Provide information and develop capacity building plans Develop eco-design tools Website: www.cfsd.org.uk/aede
6	BACKGROUND [1] Concern over environmental and health problems associated with growi= ng volumes of post-consumer waste from EEE has triggered significant environmental policy initiatives. Comprehensive new environmental legislation in Europe and Japan and,= at sub-national, in the US (e.g. California) The EEE industry: production of components and assemblage increasing= ly outsourced to developing countries. China, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand now supply large part= of developed countries’ imports of EEE Legislation and private-sector initiatives have implications through= out the supply chain.
7	BACKGROUND [2] The EEE sector is of dynamic export interest to several developing countries Developing countries need to make adjustments (a) to meet requirements transmitted through= the supply chain and (b) address problems associated with growing volume= s of domestic post-consumer EEE-waste (and imports of used EEE). To achieve this, these countries not only need accurate and timely information, but also assistance in the interpretation of informatio= n to make it relevant for adjustment strategies
8	LEGISLATION<= /font> European Union Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive Restrictions on the Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive Japan Home Appliances Recycling Law (HARL) Law for the Promotion and Effective Utilisation of Resources (LPEUR= ) State of California The Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003 China Management Methods for the Prevention and Control of Pollution from Electronics Information Products (“Chinese RoHS”) Thailand Legislation on WEEE and RoHS under preparation Introduction of strict regulation on imports of second-hand EEE
9	ELIMINATION OF H= AZARDOUS SUBSTANCES The RoHS Directive Eliminate hazardous materials from waste streams by prescribing tha= t as of 1 July 2006 new EEE put on the market may not contain lead, merc= ury, cadmium, hexavelent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), with certain exceptions. California Same substances as ROHS Chinese ROHS Substance restrictions affecting a broad range of products, parts a= nd components defined as "electronic information products" ("EIP") as of 1 March 2007
10	PRODUCT CATEGOR= IES COVERED Large household appliances (e.g. fridges and washing machines) Small household appliances (e.g. vacuum cleaners, irons) IT and telecommunication equipment (e.g. PCs, photocopiers, telephon= es) Consumer equipment (TV, videos, hi-fi equipment) Lighting equipment (e.g. fluorescent lamps) Electrical and electronic tools (e.g. drills, sewing machines) Toys (e.g. video games) Medical equipment (not covered by RoHS) Monitoring equipment Automatic dispensers (e.g. drinks machines)
11	IMPLICATIONS FOR SUPPLIERS
12	IMPLICATIONS (2= ) b. Marginalisation of SMEs
13	IMPLICATIONS …<= /a> Employment impacts
14	SUPPLIER MATERI= AL DECLARATIONS Many customers are demanding information from suppliers to have assurance that products are in compliance with RoHS. This may be through supplier material declarations, a document that discloses the part per million (ppm) levels of substances in a produ= ct. Demands from customers vary in terms of scope, content, type and for= mat of material disclosures. Some customers are applying safety margins or are requiring disclosu= re beyond RoHS-banned substances.
15	STANDARDS FOR T= ESTING PROCEDURES There is currently no internationally harmonized conformity assessme= nt test for the complete removal of heavy metals and other problematic substances from EEE, which complicates technically and commercially compliance assurance by producers. However, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) TC 111 Working Group 3 is developing a standard on test procedures for the determination of six regulated substances in EEE.
16	MISSION AND GOA= L OF IEC TC 111 WG 3 Mission: Develop a standard that will define test procedures that will allow= the electrotechnical industry to determine the concentration of the regulated substances (EU RoHS, China, United States, Japan) in electrotechnical products on a consistent global basis Goal: Develop a standard for electrotechnical industry to be used by labs globally for OEMs, suppliers, NGOs, governments, etc. The draft standard will be submitted as proposal for an IEC standar= d
17	RECOMMENDATIONS To regulatory and standards-setting authorities Disseminate, as early as possible, information on new environmental requirements and likely implications for developing countries with a= key export interest Provide information on implications of new environmental regulations= for developing countries and on technical cooperation/capacity building programmes. In stakeholder consultations and regulatory impact assessments, addr= ess the implications for developing countries, especially SMEs. Be proactive in facilitating the participation of developing countri= es in stakeholder consultations. In designing flanking policies, pay attention to addressing the constraints of and offering opportunities for developing countries.<= /li>
18	RECOMMENDATIONS= To governments and the business sector in key developing countries<= /font> Design proactive adjustment policies Identify the implications for SMEs and promote SME alliances to bett= er cope with new requirements Explore early-warning mechanisms, including an assessment of likely impacts and adjustments to be made. Implement cost-effective eco-design programmes. Strengthen environmental management systems, paying more attention to product-related aspects (e.g. in the context of ISO 14001). Participate in further consultations with developed countries. Analyze beneficial and catalytic effects of meeting new environmental requirements.
19	RECOMMENDATIONS= to CTF Continue to promote the exchange of national experiences on pro-acti= ve adjustment policies. Facilitate studies on implications of developments in supply chain management for SMEs and the feasibility of the creation of alliances= of SMEs. Help facilitate early interaction between developing and developed countries on standards and legislation. Support the planning and implementation of capacity-building activit= ies.
20	EuP<= /div> In Europe it has been estimated that over 80 per cent of all product-related environmental impacts are determined during the prod= uct design phase Integrating environmental considerations as early as possible into t= he product development process is therefore considered to be the most effective way of introducing changes and improvements to products
21	EuP DIRECTIVE Framework for setting eco-design requirements for EuP before they ca= n be placed on the market. Does not contain immediate obligations for manufacturers, but it ena= bles detailed implementing measures that the Commission, assisted by a Regulatory Committee, is to bring forward for specific products over time. Published in May 2005. Within two years the Commission, in consultat= ion with stakeholders via a Consultation Forum (to be established in 200= 6) is required to publish a work programme for the following 3 years. National transposition before 11 August 2007. First implementing measures creating eco-design obligations for some EuPs may be adopted in 2007= .
22	EuP DIRECTIVE Implications for developing countries depending on the implementing measures that are adopted in the future Some key issues: Which products will be selected for implementing measures? Will suppliers of components and subassemblies be affected by implementing measures? How will manufacturers in developing countries have to demonstrate compliance? Will implications for developing countries be considered in impact assessments and cost-benefit analyses? How can developing countries comment?
23	PRODUCT COVERAG= E No list of EuP that may be covered by implementing measures Selection criteria: products that Represent significant volume of sales (indicatively more than 200,0= 00 units a year within the Community); Have a significant environmental impact Present significant potential for improvement in terms of its environmental impact without entailing excessive costs. Work plan is to set out an indicative list of product groups which w= ill be considered as priorities The EC has commissioned assessment studies.
24	ASSESSMENT STUD= IES Boilers and combi-boilers (gas/oil/electric) Water heaters (gas/oil/electric) Personal computers (desktops and laptops), computer monitors Imaging equipment: copiers, faxes, printers, scanners, multifunction= al devices, consumer electronics, televisions Battery chargers and external power supplies Office lighting (Public) street lighting Residential room conditioning appliances (airco and ventilation) Electric motors (1-150 kW) and water pumps (in commercial buildings, drinking water pumping, food industry, agriculture) Fans for ventilation (non residential buildings) Commercial refrigerators and freezers Domestic refrigerators and freezers Domestic dishwashers and washing machines
25	PRO-ACTIVE ADJU= STMENT STRATEGIES Pro-active adjustment strategies to new environmental requirements, including the promotion of eco-design, may assist developing countri= es in meeting new requirements and turning challenges into opportunitie= s. This involves taking into account the benefits of, for example, grea= ter energy efficiency and improved post-consumer management of products = in both developed and developing countries. Such strategies may also contribute to the security of energy supply= , an important policy objective for countries such as China and India. CTF applied for membership of EuP Consultation Forum to represent Developing Countries’ perspective
26	POSIBLE ISSUES = FOR DISCUSSION
27	POSSIBLE ISSUES= FOR DISCUSSION How should CTF follow up on its work in the area of EEE? Key issues to be addressed in further exchanges of national experien= ces in pro-active adjustment policies in the area of management of waste from EEE in the light of external and domestic environmental requirements? How can cost-effective eco-design strategies assist developing count= ries in coping with environmental requirements and achieving national objectives in the areas of energy efficiency (including security of energy supply) and waste management? What can developing countries do to prepare for EuP Directive? What should be the role of CTF in the area of EuP? What co-operative arrangements with other initiatives could be forge= d?