Written Jan Hoffmann, Torbjörn Rydbergh, and Alastair Stevenson Article No. 50 [UNCTAD Transport and Trade Facilitation Newsletter N°86 - Second Quarter 2020]
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) member states agreed in 2018 “to reduce the total annual GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008” as part of the “initial IMO Strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships”.
In order to support achieving this objective, the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) and other maritime industry associations propose the establishment of a research and development fund to help cut emissions.
This fund is to be financed by a contribution of “two US dollars per tonne of marine fuel oil purchased for consumption”. The private sector-led “Getting to Zero Coalition” writes that “shipping’s decarbonization can be the engine that drives green development across the world.”
The falling costs of net zero carbon energy technologies make the production of sustainable alternative fuels increasingly competitive. Determined collective action in shipping can increase confidence among suppliers of future fuels that the sector is moving in this direction.”
UNCTAD supports the Getting to Zero Coalition and promotes efforts to achieve sustainability, helping developing countries adapt and build resilience in the light of the climate emergency.
According to a working paper by the International Monetary Fund, “the environmental case for a maritime carbon tax is increasingly recognized”. The Environmental Defense Fund argues that “meeting the IMO’s 2050 target represents $50bn to $70bn per year for 20 years spending, but this is also a revenue opportunity”.
The World Bank, also a supporter of the Getting to Zero Coalition, highlights that a large share of this investment opportunity could lie in developing countries.
A large part of these investments will have to be made ashore, including by energy providers and in seaports. As regards ships, their owners will have to invest in the renewal of the fleet, and new technologies.
What does this mean for the flag states where the ships are registered?
Flag states have an important role to play in enforcing IMO rules because they exercise regulatory control (i.e. apply the law and impose penalties in case of non-compliance) over the world fleet on diverse issues, ranging from ensuring safety of life at sea, protection of the marine environment, and the provision of decent working and living conditions for seafarers.
In the context of the implementation of the IMO GHG emissions strategy, flag states will have to ensure that ships are compliant with applicable IMO rules.
In addition, they could also provide incentives for the ships registered under their flag to reduce CO2 emissions, and potentially play a role when it comes to ensuring the collection of future fees or contributions associated with CO2 emissions.
The above-mentioned ICS proposal, for example, suggests that contributions to the proposed fund will be made “commensurate with the ship’s annual fuel oil purchased for consumption, as verified by the flag State.”
Flag states could see such involvement also as a business opportunity, where more transparent and reliable flag states provide better services than others. In addition, many major flag states are themselves also affected by the impacts of climate change.
For example, the Panama Canal is confronted with a shortage of fresh water; Liberia has developed its National Adaptation Plan to mainstream climate change adaptation into planning and budgets; and the Marshall Islands are among the low-lying SIDS most at risk from sea-level rise.[i]
It should thus be in these countries’ self-interest to support the reduction of global green-house gas emissions, including from shipping.[ii]
Status of CO2 emissions: a vessel registry’s perspective
Thanks to data generated from the automatic identification system (AIS) tracking system for ships, including information on each vessel’s characteristics, speed, type of fuel, and ballast situation, it is today possible to calculate estimates for CO2 emissions from each individual ship.
On this basis, ships registered in Panama, Liberia and the Marshall Islands, together, accounted for almost one third (32.96%) of CO2 emissions from shipping in 2019 (Figure 1). The same registries together represent 34.86% of the world total gross tonnage (Table 1).
Estimated share of global maritime CO2 emissions, 2019
Top 10 flags of registration
Top 10 nationally flagged fleet (by vessel numbers), their gross tonnage, and the estimated share of their maritime CO2 emissions
Using the same metrics, in 2019, the ships (commercial vessels of 1000 dwt and above) registered in the top ten economies accounted for 67.15% of the maritime CO2 emissions (table 1).
As of 1 January 2020, these ten flags registered 48.52% of the world fleet (ships) and 65.73% of the world gross tonnage. World maritime CO2 emissions have risen by 8% between 2014 and 2019, based on the latest analysis from Marine Benchmark.
Their analysis also indicates that CO2 emissions have risen more steeply among the top 10 flag states – as much as 14%.
By sharing this data, we hope to encourage further discussions on options to achieve the objective of reducing CO2 emissions from shipping, and the interests and possible role that flag states[iii] could play in this endeavor.
[i] See also “Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Coastal Transport Infrastructure: A Compilation of Policies and Practices”, Transport and Trade Facilitation Series No 12, UNCTAD, Geneva, 2020.
[ii] See also the on-line platform “UNCTAD Framework for Sustainable Freight Transport: A step-by-step methodology and practical tools to support the design, formulation and implementation of tailored sustainable freight transport strategies” UNCTAD, Geneva.
[iii] For long term trends and shares of different registries in the world fleet see also UNCTAD’s Review of Maritime Transport and UNCTAD’s on-line maritime statistics, including on merchant fleet by flag of registration.
Jan Hoffmann, Chief, Trade Logistics Branch, Division on Technology and Logistics, UNCTAD, Jan.Hoffmann@UN.org; and Alastair Stevenson and Torbjörn Rydbergh, MarineBenchmark, torbjorn.rydbergh@marinebenchmark.com and alastair.stevenson@marinebenchmark.com.
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